Geosmin

The smell of the countryside.

Simon Cotton
Uppingham School, Rutland, UK

Molecule of the Month August 2009
Also available: JSMol version.

Ploughing - bringing up the 'smell of the countryside'

Why is geosmin the smell of the countryside?

Because it is the molecule released by moist soil, or from soil that is freshly ploughed. It gets its name from the Greek for "earth odour".

Geosmin - click for 3D structure
Geosmin
Spacefill model of geosmin - click for 3D stucture

How is it formed?

It is formed by microorganisms in the soil, particularly Streptomyces. Although the smell of geosmin was first identified in 1891, the isolation and structure of the geosmin molecule responsible for it was only reported in 1965, and its synthesis in 1968. It is even more recently that its biosynthesis has been understood.

Geosmin biosynthesis begins in farnesyldiphosphate (FPP), a key building block in sterol and sesquiterpene biosynthesis. An enzyme called germacradienol-geosmin synthase (GGS) contains two very similar catalytic domains. One domain converts FPP into germacradienol, which diffuses into the second domain close by, where the conversion to geosmin is completed.

Biosynthesis of geosmin

Intermediate compounds are involved, such as germacrene D, octalin and isolepidozene.

Isolepidozene - click for 3D structure Germacrene D - Click for 3D structure Octalin - click for 3D structure
Isolepidozene Germacrene D Octalin

And only the (-) isomer of geosmin is formed.

Is that important?

The (+) isomer can be prepared in the laboratory, but tests show that the natural (-) form has a significantly stronger smell. On average, (-) geosmin has an 11times lower odour threshold than the (+) isomer, quoted as 0.0082-0.018 ppb (in water).

What does geosmin look like?

It is a colourless liquid, with a boiling point of 270°C.

Does it occur anywhere apart from the soil?

Geosmin (and also 2-methylisoborneol, which also has an undesireable taste) is often responsible for unpleasant tastes in water supplies. Cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) and actinobacteria release geosmin when they die, and this can be absorbed by bottom-feeding freshwater fish. This is a particular problem in parts of the United States, giving off-flavours to fish (particularly catfish (photo, below), carp and mullet) and clams. Geosmin is made odourless by acid, so these fish are often eaten with lemon, leading to recipes like clam chowder with lemon zest, blackened Cajun catfish or grilled catfish with lemon juice.

methylisoborneol - click for 3D structure
Methylisoborneol
Catfish
Catfish and beetroot can both smell of geosmin
Beetroot

Rotten grapes infected with the Botyris fungusGeosmin is a major contributor to the smell and flavour of beetroot, a variety of Beta vulgaris. Not everyone likes the smell, and since geosmin levels vary between cultivars, selective breeding can produce varieties with a bland taste designed to appeal to mass markets.

Geosmin and the related molecule dehydrogeosmin are responsible for the musty smell of some plants, especially certain cacti.

dehydrogeosmin - click for 3D structure
Dehydrogeosmin

In recent years, notably 2002, French wine growers have been concerned about the presence of a rather musty smell in some young wines, which was quite distinct from the usual "musty cork" smell due to 2,4,6-trichloroanisole. Geosmin was identified as the culprit in these wines using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, specifically the (-) isomer. Corks or the wood of barrels were excluded as the source of the geosmin, as the wines had been stored in stainless steel containers or bottles with metal stoppers. Geosmin was then detected in some grape juices prior to fermentation, and it transpired that geosmin was formed on rotten grapes through the combined action of both the Botyris cinerea and Penicillium expansum fungi (see photo, left).

Can you get rid of the geosmin smell?

Well, acid destroys it; it has also been found that photocatalysts based on titanium dioxide (TiO2) can also destroy water-borne geosmin.

Camel looking for waterSo geosmin is pretty useless?

Not if you are a camel in search of an oasis!

A camel?

Professor Keith Chater, of the John Innes Centre in Norwich (UK), was a member of the team that in 2002 sequenced the genome (8000 genes) in Streptomyces coelicolor A3, a bacterium that produces many chemicals, including geosmin. In the following year he reported identifying a protein domain needed for biosynthesis of geosmin. He has suggested that camels can detect the smell of geosmin that had been released by Streptomyces miles away in wet ground, and track the geosmin to find an oasis; in return the camel could carry away and disperse the spores of the Streptomyces bacterium.

Bibliography

Biosynthesis

Geosmin in food and plants

Geosmin in water and fish

Geosmin and cacti

Geosmin in wine

Camels and geosmin

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