CM1 INTERNET PROJECT:CARBON

CARBON

SYMBOL	C
ATOMIC NUMBER	6
ATOMIC WEIGHT	12.011
GROUP NUMBER	14
STANDARD STATE	SOLID
COLOUR	COLOURLESS
DISCOVERED	KNOWN TO ANCIENTS
ORIGIN OF NAME	FROM THE LATIN CARBO MEANING CHARCOAL
USES	AS A FUEL (COAL) AS A LUBRICANT (GRAPHITE) ARCHELOGICAL DATING (CARBON-14 ISOTOPE) HUGE NUMBER OF COMPOUNDS VERY IMPORTANT TO THE CHEMICAL INDUSTRY
ATOMIC RADIUS	0.77 * 10^-10M
COMPOUNDS	C(-IV) CH₄ C(-II) CO C(IV)CO₂, CO₃^-, CF₄ ETC.
EFFECTIVE NUCLEAR CHARGE (Slater)	3.25
DENSITY	3513 KgM^-3(DIAMOND), 2260 KgM^-3 (GRAPHITE), 1650 KgM^-3(C₆₀)
MELTING POINT	ABOUT 3820 K (DIAMOND), 3800 K (GRAPHITE) AND 800 K (C₆₀ SUBLIMES)
BOILING POINT	5100 K
ENTHALPY OF FUSION	105.1 KJMol^-1
ENTHALPY OF VAPOURISATION	710.9 KJMol^-1
ISOTOPES	C-10 (Radioactive), C-11 (Radioactive), C-12, C-13 AND C-14 (Radioactive)
ELECTRON CONFIGURATION	1S²2S²2P²
FIRST IONISATION ENERGY	1086.2 KJMol^-1 (Graphite)
ELECTRON AFFINITY	121.9 KJMol^-1
SOURCES	GRAPHITE:RUSSIA, MEXICO, ITALY, CZECH REPUBLIC, S. KOREA, MADAGASCAR AND SRI LANKA DIAMOND:SOUTH AFRICA, U.S.A., RUSSIA, BRAZIL, ZIARE, SIERRA LEONE AND GHANA
GENERAL INFORMATION	CARBON IS FOUND IN MANY FORMS (AMORPHOUS, FULLERENES, BUCKY TUBES, DIAMOND, GRAPHITE AND SOOT) AND IS PRESENT THROUGHOUT THE UNIVERSE. DIAMOND IS ONE OF THE HARDEST MINERALS, AND GRAPHITE IS ONE OF THE SOFTEST. ALL ATOMIC WEIGHTS ARE MEASURED WITH REFERENCE TO THE CARBON - 12 ISOTOPE, AND THE CARBON - 13 ISOTOPE IS USED FOR NMR SPECTROSCOPY.