Evidence for the Internal Structure of the Earth

Seismic Studies:

The particular velocity at which a seismic wave passes through a layer will suggest what a layer's chemical composition is likely to be.

Evidence from Volcanoes and Other Igneous Rocks:

These provide samples from the lower crust and upper mantle which have been injected into the upper crust or erupted onto the surface.

Meteorites:

These are thought to be the remnants of the core and mantle of other planetary bodies from within the solar system, all of which were formed at the same time and from the same material as the Earth.

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